![]() ![]() Most mineral elements are taken up in ionic form from the soil solution by plant roots. These include arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), silicon (Si) and sodium (Na). Plants also accumulate non-essential elements, some of which have little or no effect on plant growth and development at the concentrations they occur in nature, and others of which may have beneficial and/or detrimental effects depending upon their concentrations in plant tissues. The micronutrients chlorine (Cl), boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo) are required in smaller amounts (typically 0.1–100 mg kg −1 leaf DW). These include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S), which are macronutrients required in large amounts (typically 1000– > 10,000 mg kg −1 leaf dry weight, DW). Plants require at least 14 essential mineral elements to complete their life-cycles. ![]() Despite its recent genetic ancestry (<10 ky), root morphology, and leaf and seed composition traits could potentially be used in crop improvement, if suitable markers can be identified and if these correspond with suitable agronomy and quality traits. High-throughput morphological and composition phenotyping reveals complex interrelationships between mineral acquisition and accumulation linked to genetic control within and between crop types (habits) in B. Combining root, leaf and seed traits in a discriminant analysis provided the most accurate characterisation of crop habit, illustrating the interdependence of plant tissues. A comparison of the ratios of elements in leaf and seed parts revealed differences in translocation processes between crop habits, including those likely to be associated with crop-selection for OSR seeds with lower sulphur-containing glucosinolates. Winter OSR and fodder habits had longer primary and lateral roots than spring OSR habits, with generally lower mineral concentrations. Seed size explained a large proportion of the variation in root length. The mineral composition of 3–6 rosette-stage leaves, and mature seeds, was determined on compost-grown plants from a designed experiment ( n = 5) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Root traits of 14 d old seedlings were measured in a ‘pouch and wick’ system ( n = ~24 replicates per genotype). Traits were quantified in a diversity panel of up to 387 genotypes: 163 winter, 127 spring, and seven semiwinter oilseed rape (OSR) habits, 35 swede, 15 winter fodder, and 40 exotic/unspecified habits. The aims of this study were to determine the phenotypic diversity in root morphology and leaf and seed mineral composition of a polyploid crop species, Brassica napus L., and how these traits relate to crop habit. Verdict:Ī photographer’s dream, XnConvert makes it quick and easy to work with very large numbers of images.Mineral nutrient uptake and utilisation by plants are controlled by many traits relating to root morphology, ion transport, sequestration and translocation. If you work with images, this is an essential tool. The power of XnConvert has to be experienced to be fully appreciated. ![]() Images can be automatically renamed by pulling Exif information from files, and you can also opt to add information such as the date to your filenames. XnConvert can also be used to convert images between formats – just select the format you would like to use on the Output tab of the program. You can apply as many or as few options as you need, so if you’re looking to simply resize a folder full of images, this can be done as easily as applying special effects. This includes basic settings such as resizing and cropping, but you also have the option of applying special filters such as sepia or mosaic effects.Įach effect and filter can be precisely configured to suit your needs and a preview window help you to ensure that everything looks as it should. Using the simple wizard-style interface you can then select from a large number of tools that can be applied to your images. Images can be added to the program using drag and drop or by opting to add files individually or as complete folders from within the app interface. With support for more than 400 image formats, and versions available for Windows, Mac and Linux, this is one of the most flexible and powerful tools available for everyday image processing. XnConvert is a free, cross-platform, batch image converter that makes light work of converting and editing large numbers of image files in one fell swoop. ![]()
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